When Was The Word Cancer First Used

A tumor removed past surgery in 1689.

The history of cancer describes the development of the field of oncology and its part in the history of medicine.

Early diagnosis [edit]

The earliest known descriptions of cancer appear in several papyri from Ancient Arab republic of egypt. The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written around 1600 BC (mayhap a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC) and contains a description of cancer, as well equally a procedure to remove chest tumours by cauterization, wryly stating that the affliction has no treatment.^[1] Nevertheless, incidents of cancer were rare. In a study by the Academy of Manchester, simply one case was constitute "in the investigation of hundreds of Egyptian mummies, with few references to cancer in literary evidence."^[2]

Hippocrates (c. 460 BC – c. 370 BC) described several kinds of cancer, referring to them past the term καρκινος (carcinos), the Greek give-and-take for crab or crayfish, as well as carcinoma.^[3] This comes from the appearance of the cutting surface of a solid malignant tumour, with "the veins stretched on all sides as the animal the crab has its feet, whence it derives its proper noun".^[iv] Since it was against Greek tradition to open the body, Hippocrates simply described and made drawings of outwardly visible tumors on the pare, nose, and breasts. Handling was based on the sense of humour theory of iv bodily fluids (blackness and xanthous bile, blood, and phlegm). According to the patient's humor, treatment consisted of diet, claret-letting, and/or laxatives. Celsus (c. 25 BC - 50 Advertisement) translated karkinos into cancer, the Latin word for crab or crayfish.

In the second century AD, the Greek dr. Galen used oncos (Greek for swelling) to describe all tumours, reserving Hippocrates' term carcinos for malignant tumours. Galen also used the suffix -oma to betoken cancerous lesions. It is from Galen'south usage that we derive the mod word oncology.^[5]

Through the centuries it was discovered that cancer could occur anywhere in the body, merely Hippocrates' humor-theory based treatment remained popular until the 19th century with the discovery of cells.

16th–19th century [edit]

A surgical operation to remove a malignant tumor, 1817

In the 16th and 17th centuries, it became more acceptable for doctors to dissect bodies to detect the cause of death. The German professor Wilhelm Fabry believed that breast cancer was caused by a milk clot in a mammary duct. The Dutch professor Francois de la Boe Sylvius, a follower of Descartes, believed that all disease was the outcome of chemic processes, and that acidic lymph fluid was the cause of cancer. His contemporary Nicolaes Tulp believed that cancer was a poison that slowly spreads, and ended that information technology was contagious.^[6]

The beginning cause of cancer was identified by British surgeon Percivall Pott, who discovered in 1775 that cancer of the scrotum was a common disease among chimney sweeps. The work of other individual physicians led to diverse insights, simply when physicians started working together they could draw firmer conclusions.

With the widespread use of the microscope in the 18th century, it was discovered that the 'cancer poisonous substance' somewhen spreads from the primary tumor through the lymph nodes to other sites ("metastasis"). This view of the disease was kickoff formulated by the English surgeon Campbell De Morgan between 1871 and 1874.^[7] The use of surgery to treat cancer had poor results due to problems with hygiene. The renowned Scottish surgeon Alexander Monro saw only two breast tumor patients out of 60 surviving surgery for two years. In the 19th century, asepsis improved surgical hygiene and every bit the survival statistics went upwardly, surgical removal of the tumor became the primary treatment for cancer. With the exception of William Coley who in the late 19th century felt that the rate of cure after surgery had been higher before asepsis (and who injected bacteria into tumors with mixed results), cancer treatment became dependent on the individual art of the surgeon at removing a tumor. The underlying cause of his results might exist that infection stimulates the immune system to destroy left tumor cells. During the aforementioned period, the idea that the body was fabricated upwardly of various tissues, that in plow were made upwardly of millions of cells, laid residue the humour-theories nigh chemical imbalances in the torso.

Mechanism [edit]

1938 American Order for the Control of Cancer poster.

The genetic basis of cancer was recognised in 1902 past the High german zoologist Theodor Boveri, professor of zoology at Munich and later in Würzburg.^[8] He discovered a method to generate cells with multiple copies of the centrosome, a structure he discovered and named. He postulated that chromosomes were distinct and transmitted unlike inheritance factors. He suggested that mutations of the chromosomes could generate a cell with unlimited growth potential which could be passed on to its descendants. He proposed the beingness of prison cell cycle checkpoints, tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes. He speculated that cancers might be caused or promoted by radiation, physical or chemical injuries, or by pathogenic microorganisms.

1938 poster identifying surgery, x-rays and radium equally the proper treatments for cancer.

Therapies [edit]

When Marie Curie and Pierre Curie discovered radiation at the end of the 19th century, they stumbled upon the first effective not-surgical cancer handling. With radiations too came the showtime signs of multi-disciplinary approaches to cancer treatment. The surgeon was no longer operating in isolation but worked together with hospital radiologists to assistance patients. The complications in advice this brought, along with the necessity of the patient's handling in a hospital facility rather than at dwelling, also created a parallel process of compiling patient data into hospital files, which in turn led to the first statistical patient studies.

The American Cancer Society was founded in 1913 past 15 physicians and businessmen in New York City nether the name American Guild for the Control of Cancer (ASCC). The electric current name was adopted in 1945.^[9]

A founding paper of cancer epidemiology was the work of Janet Lane-Claypon, who published a comparative study in 1926 of 500 chest cancer cases and 500 control patients of the same groundwork and lifestyle for the British Ministry of Health. Her groundbreaking work on cancer epidemiology was carried on past Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Colina, who published "Lung Cancer and Other Causes of Decease In Relation to Smoking. A Second Report on the Mortality of British Doctors" followed in 1956 (otherwise known as the British doctors study). Richard Doll left the London Medical Research Heart (MRC), to start the Oxford unit for Cancer epidemiology in 1968. With the utilise of computers, the unit was the get-go to compile large amounts of cancer data. Modern epidemiological methods are closely linked to electric current^{[ when? ]} concepts of disease and public wellness policy. Over the past fifty years, great efforts accept been spent on gathering data beyond medical practice, infirmary, provincial, state, and even country boundaries to study the interdependence of ecology and cultural factors on cancer incidence.

Cancer patient treatment and studies were restricted to individual physicians' practices until Globe War 2 when medical research centers discovered that in that location were large international differences in disease incidence. This insight collection national public wellness bodies to enable the compilation of wellness data across practices and hospitals, a procedure found in many countries today. The Japanese medical community observed that the bone marrow of victims of the diminutive bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was completely destroyed. They concluded that diseased bone marrow could also be destroyed with radiation, and this led to the development of bone marrow transplants for leukemia. Since World State of war Two, trends in cancer treatment are to ameliorate on a micro-level the existing treatment methods, standardize them, and globalize them to observe cures through epidemiology and international partnerships.

In 1968 Michael A. Epstein, Bert Achong, and Yvonne Barr identified the offset human cancer virus, called the Epstein–Barr virus.^[x]

State of war on Cancer [edit]

The political 'war' on cancer began with the National Cancer Deed of 1971, a United States federal constabulary.^[11] The human activity was intended "to amend the Public Health Service Deed and so as to strengthen the National Cancer Institute in society to more finer carry out the national endeavor against cancer". It was signed into law by then U.Southward. President Richard Nixon on Dec 23, 1971.^[12]

In 1973, cancer research led to a cold war incident,^[xiii] where co-operative samples of reported oncoviruses were discovered to be contaminated by HeLa.

In 1984, Harald zur Hausen discovered first HPV16 and and so HPV18 responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancers. For discovery that human papillomaviruses (HPV) cause human being cancer, zur Hausen won a 2008 Nobel Prize.^[14]

Since 1971 the United States has invested over $200 billion on cancer research; that total includes money invested past public and private sectors and foundations.^[15]

Despite this substantial investment, the state has seen merely a five pct decrease in the cancer decease charge per unit (adjusting for size and age of the population) between 1950 and 2005.^[sixteen] Longer life expectancy may be a contributing factor to this, as cancer rates and mortality rates increase significantly with age, more than 3 out of five cancers are diagnosed in people aged 65 and over.^[17]

Come across also [edit]

Cancer ; (2015 PBS motion-picture show)

References [edit]

^ "The History of Cancer". American Cancer Society. 2009.
^ "Scientists advise that cancer is man-fabricated". www.manchester.air conditioning.great britain. University of Manchester.
^ "The History of Cancer. Institut Jules Bordet (Association Hospitalière de Bruxelles - Heart des Tumeurs de ULB). Retrieved 2010-eleven-19". Bordet.be. Retrieved 29 Jan 2011.
^ Moss RW (2004). "Galen on Cancer". CancerDecisions. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
^ Karpozilos A, Pavlidis N (September 2004). "The treatment of cancer in Greek artifact". European Journal of Cancer. twoscore (14): 2033–2040. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2004.04.036. PMID 15341975.
^ Marilyn Yalom "A history of the breast" 1997. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-679-43459-3
^ Grange JM, Stanford JL, Stanford CA (June 2002). "Campbell De Morgan's 'Observations on cancer', and their relevance today". Journal of the Purple Social club of Medicine. 95 (vi): 296–299. doi:10.1177/014107680209500609. PMC1279913. PMID 12042378.
^ Boveri T (January 2008). "Concerning the origin of malignant tumours by Theodor Boveri. Translated and annotated by Henry Harris". Periodical of Cell Science. 121 Suppl 1 (Supplement 1): one–84. doi:10.1242/jcs.025742. PMID 18089652. S2CID 9033401.
^ "Our History". American Cancer Society. thirteen July 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
^ Epstein MA, Achong BG, Barr YM (March 1964). "Virus Particles in Cultured Lymphoblasts from Burkitt's Lymphoma". Lancet. one (7335): 702–703. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91524-7. PMID 14107961.
^ "Milestone (1971): National Cancer Human action of 1971". Developmental Therapeutics Program Timeline. National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 9 Baronial 2009.
^ "National Cancer Act, Legislative History". Office of Government and Congressional Relations. National Cancer Institute. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^ Gold G (January 1986). A Conspiracy of Cells: One Woman'southward Immortal Legacy and the Medical Scandal It Acquired. ISBN978-0-88706-099-i.
^ "Harald zur Hausen - Autobiography". Nobelprize.org. Retrieved 17 March 2010.
^ Begley S (16 September 2008). "Rethinking the War on Cancer". Newsweek . Retrieved 8 September 2008.
^ Kolata Thou (23 April 2009). "Advances Elusive in the Drive to Cure Cancer". The New York Times . Retrieved 5 May 2009.
^ "Cancer incidence past age". Cancer Inquiry UK. Retrieved 24 September 2012.